Parkinson's disease prevalence, age distribution and staging in Colombia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has the second highest prevalence among neurodege - nerative diseases. In Colombia, PD population dynamics are currently unknown. Health records offer a unique resource to study frequency and multi-morbidity of chronic diseases. The aim of this research is to estimate prevalence and staging using administrative data (AD) provided by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). A cross-sectional study was conducted using 2015 AD from two Colombian HMOs (4.312.928 beneficiaries, 9.01% of the affiliated Colombian population). PD prevalence and severity was estimated by age and sex. Prevalence was adjusted to WHO demographics. Age-adjusted PD prevalence was 205.89 per 100.000 inhabitants. Prevalence increment of 62.13% was found between those aged ≥40 years and those aged ≥50 years. Similarly, each extra decade (50-80+) represented an increment of 83.65%, 80.95%, and 35.10%. Between 40 and 89 years, males exhibited a significantly higher PD prevalence compared to females. Advanced PD was more frequent as age increased from 3.77% in the group between 40 to 49 years to 25.86% in those older than 89 years. More common related comorbidities were arterial hypertension, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders; the first two increased their frequency with age, and the last one maintained its prevalence across all age groups. AD sets are useful to estimate the prevalence and staging of PD. Prevalence of PD in Colombia is higher in men and increases with age, as well as disease severity.

[Spatial distribution of potential and positive Aedes aegypti breeding sites].

INTRODUCTION: The spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti is heterogeneous, and the interaction between positive and potential breeding sites located both inside and outside homes is one of the most difficult aspects to characterize in vector control programs. OBJECTIVE: To describe the spatial relationship between potential and positive breeding sites of A. aegypti inside and outside homes in Cali, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an entomological survey to collect data from both indoor and outdoor breeding sites. The exploratory analysis of spatial data included location, spatial trends, local spatial autocorrelation, spatial continuity and spatial correlation of positive and potential breeding sites according to habitat. RESULTS: Spatial trends were identified, as well as clusters of potential and positive breeding sites outdoors using local spatial autocorrelation analysis. A positive correlation was found between potential and positive breeding sites, and a negative correlation existed between indoor and outdoor sites. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial relationship between positive and potential A. aegypti breeding sites both indoors and outdoors is dynamic and highly sensitive to the characteristics of each territory. Knowing how positive and potential breeding sites are distributed contributes to the prioritization of resources and actions in vector control programs.

Supervivencia durante el primer año de recién nacidos con defectos congénitos / Survival during the first year of life of children with birth defects

Introduction: Numerous studies in the literature discuss the prevalence and etiology of reported birth defects, including mortality analyses that focus on the contribution of these conditions to perinatal and infant death rates. Very few of these studies focus on the survival of those patients. This study aims to describe survival during the first year of life in a group of children with birth defects. Methodology: A cohort study with an internal control group was conducted, with the gathering of retrospective and prospective information. The subject pool for the study was obtained from a surveillance register of birth defects from a high complexity clinical institution in the city of Cali. The data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method to determine the probability of survival. Results: This study showed that the probability of survival during gestation ranged from 98.4 % at week 20 to 79.0% during the first 24 hours after birth. The subgroup of patients who survived the first day after birth had a mean survival probability of 91.7%. Conclusion: The survival of patients with birth defects decreases with the passage of time (19.4% until the first 24 hours after birth). However due to limitations in sample size and follow-up, the survival pattern could not be explained in terms of type of birth defect, gestational history, parents' social context or health care system

Introducción: En la literatura se informan numerosas investigaciones sobre la prevalencia y etiología de los defectos congénitos, con análisis de mortalidad que se enfocan en la contribución de estas enfermedades a las tasas de muerte perinatal e infantil, y en escasas oportunidades se enfocan en la supervivencia de los pacientes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la supervivencia durante el primer año después del nacimiento en un grupo de niños con defectos congénitos. Población y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte con grupo de control interno, recolección de información retrospectiva y prospectiva. El grupo de sujetos para el estudio se obtuvo del registro de vigilancia en defectos congénitos de una institución de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Cali. La información obtenida fue analizada mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier para determinar la probabilidad de supervivencia. Resultados: Este estudio mostró que la probabilidad de supervivencia durante la gestación varió de 98.4% a la semana 20, hasta 79.0% durante las primeras 24 horas después del nacimiento. En el subgrupo de sujetos que sobreviven luego del primer día de nacimiento se obtuvo una probabilidad de supervivencia promedio de 91.7%. Conclusión: La supervivencia de pacientes con defectos congénitos disminuye con el paso del tiempo (19.4% hasta las 24 horas después del nacimiento); sin embargo, debido a las limitaciones en el tamaño de la muestra y seguimiento, el patrón de supervivencia no pudo ser explicado en términos de tipo de defecto, historia gestacional, contexto social de los padres y del sistema de salud

Distribución espacial de criaderos positivos y potenciales de Aedes aegypti / Spatial distribution of potential and positive Aedes aegypti breeding sites

Resumen Introducción. La distribución espacial de Aedes aegypti es heterogénea, y la interacción entre criaderos positivos y potenciales en el intradomicilio y el extradomicilio es uno de los aspectos más difíciles de caracterizar en los programas de control vectorial. Objetivo. Describir la relación espacial entre los criaderos potenciales y positivos de A. aegypti en el intradomicilio y en el extradomicilio en un sector de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una encuesta entomológica con el objetivo de recolectar datos de los criaderos en el intradomicilio y el extradomicilio. El análisis exploratorio de los datos espaciales incluyó la localización, la tendencia espacial, la autocorrelación espacial local, la continuidad espacial y la correlación espacial de los criaderos positivos y potenciales según el hábitat. Resultados. Se determinaron las tendencias espaciales. Mediante el análisis de autocorrelación espacial local se ubicaron los conglomerados de criaderos potenciales y positivos del extradomicilio. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre los criaderos potenciales y los positivos y una correlación negativa entre el intradomicilio y el extradomicilio. Conclusiones. La relación espacial entre criaderos positivos y potenciales de A. aegypti en el intradomicilio y el extradomicilio es dinámica y muy sensible a las características de cada territorio, por lo que establecer su distribución en el espacio contribuye a la priorización de recursos y acciones en los programas de control vectorial.

Abstract Introduction: The spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti is heterogeneous, and the interaction between positive and potential breeding sites located both inside and outside homes is one of the most difficult aspects to characterize in vector control programs. Objective: To describe the spatial relationship between potential and positive breeding sites of A. aegypti inside and outside homes in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted an entomological survey to collect data from both indoor and outdoor breeding sites. The exploratory analysis of spatial data included location, spatial trends, local spatial autocorrelation, spatial continuity and spatial correlation of positive and potential breeding sites according to habitat. Results: Spatial trends were identified, as well as clusters of potential and positive breeding sites outdoors using local spatial autocorrelation analysis. A positive correlation was found between potential and positive breeding sites, and a negative correlation existed between indoor and outdoor sites. Conclusions: The spatial relationship between positive and potential A. aegypti breeding sites both indoors and outdoors is dynamic and highly sensitive to the characteristics of each territory. Knowing how positive and potential breeding sites are distributed contributes to the prioritization of resources and actions in vector control programs.

Actual expense associated with patients with Alzheimer's disease in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: There is paucity in the level of knowledge on the actual insurer expenses associated with patients suffering with dementia in the developing world. Less is known about direct costs by severity and how costs vary because of the presence of other comorbidities. METHODS: Using claims data from an insurer for three years, we identified patients with AD with an algorithm that takes advantage of information on age, primary diagnosis, and services and drugs provided. RESULTS: Distribution by dementia stage was as follows: mild 21%, moderate 53%, severe 17%, and undetermined 9%. Expenses paid for all causes by the insurer were at least double than estimated in the literature and were increasing annually at rates higher than 30%. Also, 92% of patients have at least another chronic condition. CONCLUSIONS: Worldwide costs of dementia estimates maybe underestimating the actual costs to health systems in the developing world.

Necesidad de guías clínicas para el manejo integral de pacientes con labio paladar hendido / The need for clinical guidelines for the comprehensive management of patients with cleft lip and palate

Objetivo Identificar las guías clínicas para el tratamiento del labio fisurado y/o paladar hendido en menores de un año, publicadas en el país o el exterior. Método se realizó una búsqueda en tres bases de datos: Pubmed, Lilacs y Scielo con los términos "guideline cleft lip and palate", "protocols cleft lip and palate", "guía clínica labio paladar fisurado", "guía de manejo labio paladar fisurado" y "guía labio paladar hendido". Adicional a esto se consultaron las páginas web de todos los hospitales pediátricos de Colombia. Resultados Se encontraron 190 documentos de los cuales 96 no estaban relacionados con la población o enfocados en el tratamiento, 84 eran disciplinares, 8 interdisciplinarios y sólo dos guías clínicas. Conclusiones Son escasas las guías clínicas publicadas y es evidente la falta de unificación de criterios, lo que da lugar a numerosas formas de intervención y conformación de equipos interdisciplinarios. Por lo tanto, es necesario que se lleguen a consensos sobre el abordaje terapéutico para la creación de protocolos de atención con estándares de calidad y basados en la evidencia.(AU)

Objective To identify clinical guidelines for the treatment of cleft lip and / or palate in children under one year of age, published in Colombia and internationally. Method A search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo with the terms "guideline cleft lip and palate", "protocols cleft lip and palate", "guía clínica labio paladar fisurado", "guía de manejo labio paladar fisurado" and "guía labio paladar hendido". In addition to this, we consulted the websites of all pediatric hospitals in Colombia. Results 190 papers were found, of which 96 were not related to the population or focused on treatment, 84 were disciplinary, 8 interdisciplinary and only two were clinical guidelines. Conclusions There are few published guidelines and there is a lack of unified criteria. This gives rise to numerous forms of intervention and the creation of interdisciplinary teams. Therefore, there is a need to reach a consensus regarding the therapeutic approach in order to create treatment protocols based on evidence with quality standards.(AU)

[The need for clinical guidelines for the comprehensive management of patients with cleft lip and palate]. / Necesidad de guías clínicas para el manejo integral de pacientes con labio paladar hendido.

Objective To identify clinical guidelines for the treatment of cleft lip and / or palate in children under one year of age, published in Colombia and internationally. Method A search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo with the terms "guideline cleft lip and palate", "protocols cleft lip and palate", "guía clínica labio paladar fisurado", "guía de manejo labio paladar fisurado" and "guía labio paladar hendido". In addition to this, we consulted the websites of all pediatric hospitals in Colombia. Results 190 papers were found, of which 96 were not related to the population or focused on treatment, 84 were disciplinary, 8 interdisciplinary and only two were clinical guidelines. Conclusions There are few published guidelines and there is a lack of unified criteria. This gives rise to numerous forms of intervention and the creation of interdisciplinary teams. Therefore, there is a need to reach a consensus regarding the therapeutic approach in order to create treatment protocols based on evidence with quality standards.

A reliability assessment software using Kinect to complement the clinical evaluation of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by alterations in the gait pattern that may increase the risk of falls. Variations in the gait pattern cannot be objectively measured in clinical examination, so it is necessary to adapt devices to measure objectively, valid and replicable changes in gait patterns that are part of the evolution of the disease and / or pharmacotherapy. In an interdisciplinary effort, we developed the "e-Motion Capture System" software, which is able to calculate motor (cadence, stride and step length) and spatiotemporal (velocity and acceleration) parameters that affect quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. In this paper, we show results of the comparison between our e-Motion software and a benchmark reference, multiple-camera 3D motion capture system to track a gait pattern. This analysis was performed to compare the spatial locations of the ankles of a volunteer under indoor controlled conditions. Our results for the comparison between e-Motion and the 3D motion capture system show excellent agreement.

Efecto del ácido zoledrónico en pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico clínico de osteogénesis imperfecta: un estudio de cohorte / Effect of zoledronic acid in pediatric patients with clinical diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta: a cohort study

Introducción: la osteogénesis imperfecta es un trastorno congénito caracterizado por la fragilidad del hueso, causado por mutaciones en los genes del procolágeno tipo I. La incidencia es variable, encontrando un caso por cada 5.000 a 70.000 nacidos vivos. Debido a las limitaciones en el tratamiento se ha planteado el uso de bifosfonatoscomo el ácido zoledrónico. Objetivo: describir el efecto del tratamiento con ácido zoledrónico endovenosoen pacientes pediátricos con osteogénesis imperfecta atendidos en el Hospital Universitario San José (Popayán,Colombia) durante 2013 y 2014. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional tipo cohorte de carácter cerrado y sin grupo de comparación. El tratamiento con ácido zoledrónico se realizó trimestralmente durante un año, tiempo en el que se determinaron los efectos positivos y adversos del tratamiento. Resultados: seis pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de osteogénesis imperfecta; uno fue excluido porque inició tratamiento quirúrgico, los demás iniciaron tratamiento con ácido zoledrónico. Un paciente se retiró voluntariamente y cuatro completaron el estudio, dos sin fracturas y dos con una fractura durante este período. La densidad mineral ósea de la columna lumbar y femoral presentó mejoría, documentándose en dos pacientes valores normales a los tres meses de finalizado el tratamiento. La intensidad del dolor óseo, según la escala visual análoga al inicio del estudio, fue entre 5 y 8, y al final entre 0 y 2. No se encontraron cambios en la limitación funcional ni efectos adversos...

Introduction: osteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital disorder characterized by bone fragility, caused by mutationsin genes encoding the type I procollagen. The incidence is variable with ranges reported from one case per 5,000 to 70,000 live births. Due to limitations in the treatment, it has proposed the use of bisphosphonate as zoledronic acid. Objective: to describe the effect of treatment with intravenous zoledronic acid in of pediatric patients diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta attended at the Hospital Universitario San José (Popayán Colombia) between 2013 and 2014. Material and methods: an observational cohort study, closed and without comparison group was conducted. The zoledronic acid treatment was conducted quarterly for one year and during this time the positive and adverse effects of treatment were determined. Results: six patients had a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta, of which one was excluded because it began surgical treatment, and five of them started treatment with zoledronic acid; subsequently, one patient voluntarily withdrew from the study found. From the four patients who completed one year of treatment with zoledronic acid, two not showed fractures during it and the other two each presented one fracture. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral showed improvement; having two patients in the normal range at three months of treatment ends. According to the visual analogue scale, bone pain intensity at baseline ranged between 5 and 8, and at the end between 0 and 2. Regarding functional limitation were not found significant changes nor adverse effects were found throughout follow-up...

[Evaluation (assessment) of three tests for diagnosis of geohelmints in Colombia]. / Evaluación de tres pruebas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos en Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Soil-transmitted helminth infections are considered a public health problem in developing countries. The diagnostic tests, both for individual parient diagnosis as for population studies should be evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the direct examination, the modified Ritchie-Frick method, a Kato-Katz designed by a Brazilian group and one designed by the WHO, for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diagnostic test reliability study was performed. The same stool sample was analyzed by the same observer using four diagnostic tests. 204 samples were obtained, 194 of those fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The observers did not know the participants' identity neither the other tests results. For the analysis the Kato-Katz (WHO) was considered as the gold standard. For the reliability assessment percent agreement, positive percent agreement, Kappa statistic, and intraclass correlation were performed. RESULTS: The Brazilian Kato-Katz showed a good performance with high sensitivity and specificity for T. trichiura and Hookworm with values of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively, and a high specificity with mild sensitivity for A. lumbricoides (0.95 and 0.79) meanwhile the direct examination and the Ritche-Frick method showed a performance between mild and poor. The differences were higher for hookworm and Trichiuris trichiura than for Ascaris lumbricoides. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Kato Katz test could be implemented, but further studies are needed to correlate its operative capacity with its feasibility, availability and cost.